一、絲杠導(dǎo)軌是什么？絲杠導(dǎo)軌是高精密的直線傳動產(chǎn)品。絲杠和導(dǎo)軌可配合組成一套直線運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)； 其中絲杠負(fù)責(zé)定位，并將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運(yùn)動，驅(qū)動導(dǎo)軌運(yùn)動；導(dǎo)軌負(fù)責(zé)將 部件傳輸目標(biāo)位置。在機(jī)床中，一般是 2 套直線導(dǎo)軌副及 1 套滾珠絲杠副組成 一個方向的直線運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)；以 X 軸為例，工作臺、絲杠螺母和滑塊三者相互連接， 實(shí)現(xiàn)對工作臺高頻度、高精度的定位。1、絲杠的作用是將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運(yùn)動絲杠將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運(yùn)動。按照絲杠的摩擦特性，可分為梯形絲杠、滾珠 絲杠、行星滾柱絲杠。

　　1、 What is a screw guide rail? Screw guide is a high-precision linear transmission product. The screw and guide rail can be combined to form a linear motion system; The screw is responsible for positioning and converting rotational motion into linear motion, driving the guide rail motion; The guide rail is responsible for transporting the components to the target position. In machine tools, a linear motion system is generally composed of two sets of linear guide pairs and one set of ball screw pairs in one direction; Taking the X-axis as an example, the worktable, screw nut, and slider are interconnected to achieve high-frequency and high-precision positioning of the worktable. 1. The function of a screw is to convert rotational motion into linear motion. According to the friction characteristics of screw, it can be divided into trapezoidal screw, ball screw, and planetary roller screw.

　　（1）梯形絲杠：也稱滑動絲杠，牙型多為梯形，螺母和絲杠軸直接接觸，運(yùn)動 時產(chǎn)生滑動摩擦力。

　　(1) Trapezoidal lead screw: also known as sliding lead screw, the tooth shape is mostly trapezoidal, and the nut and lead screw shaft are in direct contact, generating sliding friction during movement.

　　（2）滾珠絲杠：在絲杠與螺母旋之間放置適量滾珠作為中間傳動體，運(yùn)動時產(chǎn) 生滾動摩擦力。

　　(2) Ball screw: A suitable amount of ball is placed between the screw and the nut as an intermediate transmission body, generating rolling friction during movement.

　　（3）行星滾柱絲杠：在主螺紋絲杠的周圍，按行星式布置 6-12 個螺紋滾柱，基 本結(jié)構(gòu)與滾珠絲杠相似，區(qū)別在于載荷傳遞元件為螺紋滾柱，而非滾珠。滾柱和 絲杠之間是線接觸，接觸面大大增加，因此具有高剛性、高承載能力，比同規(guī)格 滾珠絲杠副高出 3 倍以上（超過 10 倍）。滾珠絲杠因傳動效率高、壽命長，是目前主流的絲杠產(chǎn)品。梯形絲杠的摩擦阻力 大，傳動效率一般低于 40%，磨損快、使用壽命短，不能滿足現(xiàn)代機(jī)械傳動在高 速度、率、高精度等方面的要求。滾珠絲杠磨損小，傳動效率能達(dá)到 90% 以上，使用壽命更長，是主流的絲杠產(chǎn)品。

　　(3) Planetary roller screw: 6-12 threaded rollers are arranged in a planetary pattern around the main threaded screw. The basic structure is similar to that of a ball screw, but the difference is that the load transmission element is a threaded roller rather than a ball. The contact between the roller and the screw is linear, and the contact surface is greatly increased, therefore it has high rigidity and high load-bearing capacity, which is more than 3 times higher than that of the same specification ball screw (up to more than 10 times higher). Ball screws are currently the mainstream screw products due to their high transmission efficiency and long lifespan. The friction resistance of trapezoidal screw is high, and the transmission efficiency is generally less than 40%. It wears out quickly and has a short service life, which cannot meet the requirements of modern mechanical transmission in terms of high speed, high efficiency, and high precision. Ball screws have low wear, transmission efficiency can reach over 90%, and longer service life, making them mainstream screw products.

　　行星滾柱絲杠雖然性能高，但制造難 度大、成本高，目前商業(yè)化應(yīng)用較少，主要用于重載和高可靠性要求的場合，如 航空母艦、核潛艇、核電站、重型軍事裝備、冶金設(shè)備及重型數(shù)控機(jī)床等。

　　Although planetary roller screws have high performance, they are difficult to manufacture and costly. Currently, their commercial applications are limited, mainly used in heavy-duty and high reliability requirements, such as aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, nuclear power plants, heavy military equipment, metallurgical equipment, and heavy CNC machine tools.

　　滾珠絲杠副主要由絲杠軸、螺母和滾珠組成。絲杠軸是有螺紋滾道的圓柱軸；螺 母由螺母體、滾珠循環(huán)裝置等部件構(gòu)成，其中滾珠循環(huán)裝置是一條或多條連續(xù)的 封閉通道，作用是實(shí)現(xiàn)滾珠的循環(huán)。滾珠包括承受載荷的負(fù)荷滾珠和不承受載荷 的間隔滾珠，間隔滾珠主要起間隔作用，直徑比負(fù)荷滾珠小。

　　The ball screw pair is mainly composed of a screw shaft, a nut, and balls. The screw shaft is a cylindrical shaft with threaded raceways; The nut is composed of a nut body, a ball circulation device, and other components, where the ball circulation device is one or more continuous closed channels that function to achieve the circulation of the balls. Ball bearings include load-bearing ball bearings and load-bearing spacer ball bearings. Spacer ball bearings mainly serve as spacers and have a smaller diameter than load-bearing ball bearings.

　　滾珠絲杠按滾珠的循環(huán)方式，可分為外循環(huán)式和內(nèi)循環(huán)式。

　　Ball screws can be divided into external circulation type and internal circulation type according to the circulation mode of the balls.

　　（1）內(nèi)循環(huán)式：滾珠在循環(huán)過程中始終不脫離絲杠表面。內(nèi)循環(huán)式結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)簡 單，螺母外徑小，可進(jìn)行微型設(shè)計(jì)。其優(yōu)勢在于滾珠運(yùn)行阻力相對較小，靈敏度 優(yōu)異；摩擦損失少，傳動效率較高；滾珠回程較短，剛度較好，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)精度較高。 因此適用于中小導(dǎo)程、中低速度場合，如 3D 打印機(jī)、中小型醫(yī)療掃描儀等。但 內(nèi)循環(huán)式返向器回珠槽為空間曲面，呈 S 形，加工較困難，對滾珠絲杠副的公稱 直徑、絲杠外徑、螺紋滾道等加工要求較高。

　　(1) Internal circulation type: The ball never separates from the surface of the screw during the circulation process. The internal circulation structure design is simple, and the nut outer diameter is small, allowing for micro design. Its advantage lies in the relatively low resistance of ball operation and excellent sensitivity; Low friction loss and high transmission efficiency; The ball return is shorter, the stiffness is better, and the operating accuracy is higher. Therefore, it is suitable for small and medium-sized lead and medium low speed applications, such as 3D printers, small and medium-sized medical scanners, etc. However, the return groove of the internal circulation type ball screw is a spatial curved surface with an S-shape, which is difficult to process and requires high processing requirements for the nominal diameter, screw outer diameter, and thread raceway of the ball screw pair.

　　（2）外循環(huán)式：滾珠在循環(huán)返回時離開了絲杠螺旋滾道而在螺母體內(nèi)或體外循 環(huán)。外循環(huán)式滾珠絲杠副尺寸較大，適用于載荷較大的場合，如大型重載機(jī)床。 外循環(huán)滾珠副按其在滾珠返回裝置構(gòu)造的不同，可分為套筒-螺旋槽式、插管式 和端面/端蓋式三種： 套筒-螺旋槽式：結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，軸向排列緊湊，節(jié)約空間；有效負(fù)載滾珠多， 承載能力較高；但徑向尺寸較大，擋珠器的弧形桿剛度較差，特別是舌形部 分易于磨損，壽命較短。 插管式：結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，工作可靠，工藝性好；公稱直徑與導(dǎo)程組合較多，適用 性廣，既可于重載高速的驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)，也可用于精密定位系統(tǒng)，正在取代套筒 -螺旋槽式。 端面/端蓋式：螺母徑向、軸向尺寸小；低噪聲；具有高承載、高可靠性， 但滾珠循環(huán)部分加工復(fù)雜。端面式結(jié)構(gòu)適用于低承載且速度、精度較高的場 景，或高承載且速度、精度較低的場景；端蓋式結(jié)構(gòu)適用于多線、高承載、 低轉(zhuǎn)速、低精度傳動的場景。

　　(2) External circulation type: The ball leaves the screw spiral raceway and circulates inside or outside the nut body during the return cycle. The external circulation ball screw pair has a relatively large size and is suitable for applications with high loads, such as large heavy-duty machine tools. According to the different structures of the ball return device, the external circulation ball pair can be divided into three types: sleeve spiral groove type, insert tube type, and end face/end cover type: sleeve spiral groove type: simple structure, compact axial arrangement, space saving; The effective load has multiple ball bearings and a high load-bearing capacity; But the radial size is relatively large, and the stiffness of the arc-shaped rod of the bead stopper is poor, especially the tongue shaped part is prone to wear and has a short lifespan. Intubation type: simple structure, reliable operation, good processability; There are many combinations of nominal diameter and lead, and their applicability is wide. They can be used in heavy-duty high-speed drive systems as well as precision positioning systems, replacing the sleeve spiral groove type. End face/end cap type: nuts with small radial and axial dimensions; Low noise; It has high load-bearing capacity and reliability, but the processing of the ball bearing circulation part is complex. The end face structure is suitable for low load and high speed and accuracy scenarios, or high load and low speed and accuracy scenarios; The end cap structure is suitable for scenarios involving multi wire, high load-bearing, low-speed, and low precision transmission.

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